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Understanding Cyberbullying Fact Sheet
  1. Department for Education, South Australia. (2024). Cyberbullying – recognising the signs. Government of South Australia, Education.
  2. Englander, E. (2012, November). Cyberbullying among 11,700 elementary school students, 2010–2012. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Bullying Prevention Association, Kansas City, MO, United States. https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=marc_reports
  3. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying warning signs. Cyberbullying Research Center. https://csla2008.pbworks.com/f/cyberbullying_warning_signs.pdf
  4. Kowalski, R. M. (2018). Cyberbullying. In J. L. Ireland, P. Birch, & C. A. Ireland (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Human Aggression: Current Issues and Perspectives (pp. 151–160). Routledge.
  5. Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. E., & Agatston, P. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  6. Rice, E., Petering, R., Rhoades, H., Winetrobe, H., Goldbach, J., Plant, A., … & Kordic, T. (2015). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among middle-school students. American Journal of Public Health,105(3), e66-e72. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302393
  7. Smith, P. K., del Barrio, C., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2012). Definitions of bullying and cyberbullying: How useful are the terms? In S. Bauman, D. Cross, & J. Walker (Eds.), Principles of Cyberbullying Research: Definitions, Measures, and Methodology (pp. 26–40). Routledge.
  8. Whittaker, E., & Kowalski, R.M. (2014). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of School Violence,14(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.949377
  9. Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress. Research Press.
Tip Sheet
  1. Ackers, M. (2012). Cyberbullying: Through the eyes of children and young people. Educational Psychology in Practice, 28(2), 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2012.665356
  2. Helfrich, E. L., Doty, J. L., Su, Y.-W., Yourell, J. L., & Gabrielli, J. (2020). Parental views on preventing and minimizing negative effects of cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review,118, 105377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105377
  3. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2014). Cyberbullying Identification, Prevention, and Response. Cyberbullying Research Center. (www.cyberbullying.us).
  4. Zhu, C., Huang, S., Evans, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: A comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive Measures. Frontiers in Public Health,9, 634909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.634909
Keeping Youth Safe and Resilient Online Fact Sheet: Safety 
  1. D’Alfonso S., Santesteban-Echarri O., Rice S., Wadley G., Lederman R., Miles C., Gleeson J., & Alvarez-Jimenez M. (2017). Artificial intelligence-assisted online social therapy for youth mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00796
  2. Government of Canada. (2024). Online dangers [Infographic].
  3. Greyson, D., Chabot, C., Mniszak, C., & Shoveller, J. A. (2021). Social media and online safety practices of young parents. Journal of Information Science, 49(5), 1344-1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515211053808
  4. Haddock, A., Ward, N., Yu, R., & O’Dea, N. (2022). Positive effects of digital technology use by adolescents: A scoping review of the literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114009
  5. Livingstone, S., & Stoilova, M. (2021). The 4Cs: Classifying online risk to children (CO:RE short report series on key topics). Leibniz-Institut für Medienforschung | Hans-Bredow-Institut (HBI); CO:RE – Children Online: Research and Evidence. https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.71817
  6. Maczewski, M. (2002). Exploring identities through the Internet: Youth experiences online. Child & Youth Care Forum 31, 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015322602597
  7. Pons-Salvador, G., Zubieta-Méndez, X., & Frias-Navarro, D. (2022). Parents’ digital competence in guiding and supervising young children’s use of the Internet. European Journal of Communication, 37(4), 443-459. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072669
Tip Sheet: Safety
  1. Ali, S., Elgharabawy, M., Duchaussoy, Q., Mannan, M., & Youssef, A. (2020). Betrayed by the guardian: Security and privacy risks of parental control solutions. Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427287
  2. Badrakh, A., Buglass, S. L., Betts, L. R., & Abell, L. (2024). The role of digital cues in online banter: A systematic review of adolescents’ and emerging adults’ views, uses and interpretations. Current Psychology,43(41), 31840–31851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06698-8
  3. Buchanan, R., Southgate, E., Smith, S. P., Murray, T., & Noble, B. (2017). Post no photos, leave no trace: Children’s digital footprint management strategies. E-Learning and Digital Media,14(5), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753017751711
  4. Chen, L., Liu, X., & Tang, H. (2023). The interactive effects of parental mediation strategies in preventing cyberbullying on social media. Psychology Research and Behavior Management,16, 1009–1022. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S386968
  5. Dolev-Cohen, M., Yosef, T., & Meiselles, M. (2024). Parental responses to online sexual grooming events experienced by their teenage children. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education,14(5), 1311–1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050086
  6. Ren, W., & Zhu, X. (2022). Parental mediation and adolescents’ internet use: The moderating role of parenting style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(8), 1483–1496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01600-w
  7. Stoilova, M., Bulger, M., & Livingstone, S. (2023). Do parental control tools fulfil family expectations for child protection? A rapid evidence review of the contexts and outcomes of use. Journal of Children and Media,18(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2023.2265512
  8. Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emmery, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2017). Parental knowledge of adolescents’ online content and contact risks. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,46(2), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0599-7 
  9. Wisniewski, P. J., Vitak, J., & Hartikainen, H. (2022). Privacy in adolescence. Modern Socio-Technical Perspectives on Privacy, 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82786-1_14
Fact Sheet: Mental Health
  1. Bruggeman, H., Van Hiel, A., Van Hal, G., & Van Dongen, S. (2019). Does the use of digital media affect psychological well-being? An empirical test among children aged 9 to 12. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.015
  2. Dai, Y., & Ouyang, N. (2025). Excessive screen time is associated with mental health problems and ADHD in U.S. children and adolescents: Physical activity and sleep as parallel mediators. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 10062. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.1006
  3. Dhingra, R., & Parashar, B. (2022). Validation on social media and adolescents: A matter of self-esteem. Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers 13(4), 114–119. https://doi.org/10.47750/jett.2022.13.04.017
  4. Kuss, D., & Griffiths, M. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(3), 311–328. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311
  5. Qi, J., Yan, Y., & Yin, H. (2023). Screen time among school-aged children of aged 6–14: A systematic review. Global Health Research and Policy, 8(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-023-00297-z
Tip Sheet: Mental Health
  1. Arató, N., Zsidó, A. N., Lénárd, K., & Láng, A. (2022). Risk and protective factors in cyberbullying: The role of family factors and emotion regulation. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 4(2), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00097-4
  2. Sherman, L. E., Michikyan, M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2013). The effects of text, audio, video, and in-person communication on bonding between friends. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(2), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2013-2-3 
Becoming an Upstander Fact Sheet
  1. Allison, K. R. & Bussey, K. (2016). Cyber-bystanding in context: A review of the literature on witnesses’ responses to cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 65 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.03.026
  2. DiFranzo, D., Taylor, S. H., Kazerooni, F., Wherry, O. D., & Bazarova, N. N. (2018). Upstanding by Design: Bystander Intervention in Cyberbullying. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 211, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173785
  3. Evans, C. B. R., Smokowski, P. R., Rose, R. A., Mercado, M. C., & Marshall, K. J. (2018). Cumulative bullying experiences, adolescent behavioral and mental health, and academic achievement: An integrative model of perpetration, victimization, and bystander behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies,27, 10.1007/s10826-018-1078-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1078-4
  4. Ferreira, P. C., Simao, A. M. Veiga, Paiva, A & Ferreira, A. (2020). Responsive bystander behaviour in cyberbullying: A path through self-efficacy. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39(5) 511-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1602671
  5. Machackova, H. (2020). Bystander reactions to cyberbullying and cyberaggression: Individual, contextual, and social factors. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.003
  6. Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics,5, 143–158. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S36456
  7. Padgett, S., & Notar, C. E. (2013). Bystanders are the key to stopping bullying. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1(2), 33–41. doi:10.13189/ujer.2013.010201
  8. Robinson, E. (2013). Parental involvement in preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Family Matters, (92), 68–76.
  9. Song, J., & Oh, I. (2018). Factors influencing bystanders’ behavioral reactions in cyberbullying situations. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 273-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.008
Tip Sheet
  1. Chen, Q., & Wu, Q. (2024). The roles of teacher and parental support on adolescent cyber-bystander behaviors: A path analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1374071. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1374071
  2. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701–778). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  3. Friends Resilience . (2019). About Us. Friends Resilience. https://friendsresilience.org/about
  4. Midgett, A., & Doumas, D. M. (2020). Evaluation of a brief, school-based bystander bullying intervention: A pilot study conducted at an ethnically-blended, low-income school. Journal of Educational & Psychological Research, 2(2), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.33140/jepr.02.02.01. 
  5. Fredrick, S. S., Jenkins, L. N., & Ray, K. (2020). Dimensions of empathy and bystander intervention in bullying in elementary school. Journal of School Psychology, 79, 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.03.001.
  6. Sasson, H., & Mesch, G. (2017). The role of parental mediation and peer norms on the likelihood of cyberbullying. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 178(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2016.1195330
Guiding Online Etiquette Fact Sheet
  1. Acomi, N. (2022). Digital citizenship “ethics and empathy” course. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7112671
  2. Jæger, B. (2021). Digital citizenship – A review of the academic literature. Online-First, 14(1-2021), 1–XXI. https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.v14i1.09
  3. O’Reilly, M., Kiyimba, N., & Levine, D. (2024). Promoting a digital ethics of care: A digital cognitive interruption to facilitate UK adolescents’ empathy in online spaces.Journal of Children and Media, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2024.2411417
  4. Ostic, D., Qalati, S. A., Barbosa, B., Shah, S. M. M., Galvan Vela, E., Herzallah, A. M., & Liu, F. (2021). Effects of social media use on psychological well-being: A mediated model. Frontiers in Psychology,12, 678766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678766
  5. Panella, A., & Quinn, M. (2019). Developing digital citizens using social-emotional competencies. [Doctoral dissertation, Lynn University]. SPIRAL. https://spiral.lynn.edu/etds/391
  6. Salem, A. A. M. S., Al-Huwailah, A. H., Abdelsattar, M., Al-Hamdan, N. A. H., Derar, E., Alazmi, S., Abu Al-Diyar, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023). Empathic skills training as a means of reducing cyberbullying among adolescents: An empirical evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,20(3), Article 1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031846
  7. Seraj, M. (2012). We create, we connect, we respect, therefore we are: Intellectual, social, and cultural value in online communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(4), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2012.03.002
  8. Shachar, C. A., Aram, D., & Smadja, M.-L. (2023). Parent–preschooler writing on an internet forum as a potential platform for promoting respectful online discourse and executive functions. Education Sciences, 13(8), 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13080812
  9. Verma, A., Islam, S., Moghaddam, V., & Anwar, A. (2023). Encouraging emotion regulation in social media conversations through self-reflection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.00884. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.00884
  10. Voggenreiter, A., Brandt, S., Putterer, F., Frings, A., & Pfeffer, J. (2023). The role of likes: how online feedback impacts users’ mental health. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.11914. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.11914
  11. Yue, Z., Zhang, R., & Xiao, J. (2023). Social media use, perceived social support, and well-being: Evidence from two waves of surveys peri- and post-COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,41(5), 1279- 1297. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075231188185
Tip Sheet
  1. Statistics Canada. (2023, February 21). Cyberbullying among youth in Canada. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2023017-eng.htm
  2. Lee, S. J. (2009). Online communication and adolescent social ties: Who benefits more from Internet use? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,14 (3), 509–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01451.x
  3. Lyyra, N., Junttila, N., Gustafsson, J., Lahti, H., & Paakkari, L. (2022). Adolescents’ online communication and well-being: Findings from the 2018 health behavior in school-aged children (HBSC) study. Frontiers in psychiatry,13, 976404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.976404
  4. Zhang, X. (2023). The impact of online socialization on adolescent mental health: The mediating role of friendship quality and family relationships. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 7007025. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7007025